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Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet "Korsryggsmerte, langvarig". Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor.

Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for bildediagnostikk ved ikke-traumatiske muskel- og skjelettlidelser. Anbefalinger for primærhelsetjenesten. Oslo, Helsedirektoratet 2014. www.helsebiblioteket.no
Formidlingsenheten for muskel- og skjelettlidelser. Nasjonale kliniske retningslinjer. Korsryggsmerter - med og uten nerverotaffeksjon. Sosial- og helsedirektoratet, 2007.
Will JS, Bury DC, Miller JA. Mechanical Low Back Pain. Am Fam Physician. 2018 Oct 1;98(7):421-428. PMID: 30252425. PubMed
Hill JC, Whitehurst DGT, Lewis M, et al. Comparison of stratified primary care management for low back pain with current best practice (STarT Back): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2011; 378: 1560-71. PubMed
Suri P, Delaney K, Rundell SD, et al. Predictive Validity of the STarT Back Tool for Risk of Persistent Disabling Back Pain in a U.S. Primary Care Setting. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 2018; 99:1533-1539. PMID: 29625095 PubMed
Balagué F, Mannion AF, Pellisé F, Cedraschi C. Non-specific low back pain. Lancet. 2012;379(9814):482–491.
Freburger JK, Holmes GM, Agans RP, et al. The rising prevalence of chronic low back pain. Arch Intern Med. 2009;169(3):251-258 . doi:10.1001/archinternmed.2008.543 DOI
E Iordanova, C Røe, A Keller,et al. Langvarige korsryggssmerter og MR-forandringer i ryggvirvlene. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2010; 130: 2260-3. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.09.0122 DOI
Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for bildediagnostikk ved ikke-traumatiske muskel- og skjelettlidelser. Anbefalinger for primærhelsetjenesten. Helsedirektoratet 2014
Chou D, Samartzis D, Bellabarba C, et al. Degenerative magnetic resonance imaging changes in patients with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2011; 36: S43-53. pmid:21952189 PubMed
Andrade NS, Ashton CM, Wray NP, et al. Systematic review of observational studies reveals no association between low back pain and lumbar spondylolysis with or without isthmic spondylolisthesis. Eur Spine J 2015; 24: 1289-95. pmid:25833204 PubMed
Jacobsen S, Gosvig KK, Sonne-Holm S. Lænderyggens degeneration og radiologi. Ugeskr Læger 2006; 168: 769-73. PubMed
Dahm KT, Brurberg KG, Jamtvedt G, Hagen KB. Advice to rest in bed versus advice to stay active for acute low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010; 6: CD007612. Cochrane (DOI)
Rubinstein SM, de Zoete A, van Middelkoop M, et al. Benefits and harms of spinal manipulative therapy for the treatment of chronic low back pain: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. BMJ 2019; 364: l689. pmid:30867144 PubMed
Kovacs FM, Abraira V, Pena A, et al. Effect of firmness of mattress on chronic non-specific low-back pain: randomised, double-blind, controlled, multicentre trial. Lancet 2003; 362: 1599-604. PubMed
Werner EL, Storheim K, Løchting I, Wisløff T, Grotle M. Cognitive Patient Education for Low Back Pain in Primary Care: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial and Cost-Effectiveness Analysis. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2016; 41: 455-62. pmid:26966970 PubMed
Steffens D, Maher CG, Pereira LS, et al. Prevention of Low Back Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2016; 176: 199-208. doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7431 DOI
Schaafsma FG, Whelan K, van der Beek AJ, et al. Physical conditioning as part of a return to work strategy to reduce sickness absence for workers with back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD001822. DOI: 0.1002/14651858.CD001822.pub3 Cochrane (DOI)
Hayden J, van Tulder MW, Malmivaara A, Koes BW. Exercise therapy for treatment of non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD000335. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD000335.pub2 DOI
Aleksiev AR. Ten-year follow-up of strengthening versus flexibility exercises with or without abdominal bracing in recurrent low back pain. Spine 2014; 39: 997-1003 PMID: 24732860 PubMed
Smith BE, Littlewood C, May S. An update of stabilisation exercises for low back pain: a systematic review with meta-analysis. BMC Musculoskelet Disord. 2014 Dec 9;15:416. doi: 10.1186/1471-2474-15-416.
Enthoven WTM, Roelofs PDDM, Deyo RA, van Tulder MW, Koes BW. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD012087. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012087. DOI
Wong JJ, Côté P, Ameis A, wt al. Are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs effective for the management of neck pain and associated disorders, whiplash-associated disorders, or non-specific low back pain? A systematic review of systematic reviews by the Ontario Protocol for Traffic Injury Management (OPTIMa) Collaboration. Eur J Spin 2016; 25: 34-61. pmid:25827308 PubMed
Enthoven WTM, Roelofs PDDM, Deyo RA, et al. Non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2016, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD012087. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD012087. DOI
Urquhart DM, Wluka AE, van Tulder M, et al. Efficacy of low-dose amitriptyline for chronic low back pain. A randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med 2018. pmid:30285054 PubMed
Urquhart DM, Hoving JL, Assendelft WJJ, Roland M, van Tulder MW. Antidepressants for non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001703. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001703.pub3 DOI
Machado GC, Maher CG, Ferreira PH, et al. Efficacy and safety of paracetamol for spinal pain and osteoarthritis: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo controlled trials. BMJ 2015; 350: h1225. doi:10.1136/bmj.h1225 DOI
Chaparro LE, Furlan AD, Deshpande A, Mailis-Gagnon A, Atlas S, Turk DC. Opioids compared to placebo or other treatments for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD004959. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004959.pub4 DOI
Shanthanna H, Gilron I, Rajarathinam M, et al. Benefits and safety of gabapentinoids in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Plos Med 2017. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.1002369 DOI
Enke O, New HA, New CH, et al. Anticonvulsants in the treatment of low back pain and lumbar radicular pain: a systematic review and meta-analysis. CMAJ 2018; 190: E-786-E793. pmid:29970367 PubMed
Wilkens P, Scheel IB, Grundnes O, Hellum C, Storheim K. Effect of glucosamine on pain-related disability in patients with chronic low back pain and degenerative lumbar osteoarthitis. JAMA 2010; 304: 45-52. Journal of the American Medical Association
Albert HB, Sorensen JS, Christensen BS, Manniche C. Antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and vertebral bone edema (Modic type 1 changes): a double-blind randomized clinical controlled trial of efficacy. Eur Spine J. 2013 ;22(4):697-707. PMID: 23404353. PubMed
Bråten LCH, Rolfsen MP, Espeland A et al. Efficacy of antibiotic treatment in patients with chronic low back pain and Modic changes (the AIM study): double blind, randomised, placebo controlled, multicentre trial.. BMJ 2019; 367: I5654. pmid:31619437 PubMed
Rubinstein SM, van Middelkoop M, Assendelft WJJ, de Boer MR, van Tulder MW. Spinal manipulative therapy for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 2. Art. No.: CD008112. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008112.pub2. DOI
Walker BF, French SD, Grant W, Green S. Combined chiropractic interventions for low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD005427. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD005427.pub2 DOI
Licciardone JC, Minotti DE, Gatchel RJ, et al. Osteopathic manual treatment and ultrasound therapy for chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Ann Fam Med 2013; 11: 122-9. pmid:23508598 PubMed
Frost H, Lamb SE, Doll HA, Carver PT, Stewart-Brown S. Randomised controlled trial of physiotherapy compared with advice for low back pain. BMJ 2004; 329: 708-11. British Medical Journal
Ebadi S, Henschke N, Nakhostin et al. Therapeutic ultrasound for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2014;3:CD009169. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD009169.pub2. The Cochrane Library
Rivero-Arias O, Gray A, Frost H, Lamb SE, Stewart-Brown S. Cost-utility analysis of physiotherapy treatment compared with physiotherapy advice in low back pain. Spine 2006; 31: 1381-7. PubMed
Furlan AD, Giraldo M, Baskwill A, et al. Massage for low‐back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD001929. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001929.pub3. DOI
Cherkin DC, Sherman KJ, Deyo RA, Shekelle PG. A review of the evidence for the effectiveness, safety, and cost of acupuncture, massage therapy, and spinal manipulation for back pain. Ann Intern Med 2003; 138: 898-906. Annals of Internal Medicine
Wegner I, Widyahening IS, van Tulder MW, Blomberg SEI, de Vet HCW, Brønfort G, Bouter LM, van der Heijden GJ. Traction for low-back pain with or without sciatica. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD003010. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003010.pub5 DOI
Clare HA, Adams R, Maher CG. A systematic review of efficacy of McKenzie therapy for spinal pain. Aust J Physiother 2004; 50: 209-16. PubMed
Khadilkar A, Odebiyi DO, Brosseau L, Wells GA. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) versus placebo for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD003008. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD003008.pub3 DOI
Brox JI, Hagen KB, Juel NG, Storheim K. Har treningsterapi og manipulasjon effekt ved korsryggssmerter? Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 1999; 119: 2042-50 PubMed
Friedrich M , et al. Long-term effect of a combined exercise and motivational program on the level of disability of patients with chronic low back pain. Spine 2005; 30: 995-1000. PubMed
Natour J, Cazotti LD, Ribeiro LH, et al. Pilates improves pain, function and quality of life in patients with chronic low back pain: a randomized controlled trial. Clin Rehabil. 2014. PMID: 24965957 PubMed
Skouen JS, Lærum E, Jensen TØ. Tverrfaglige ryggpoliklinikker - et nytt behandlingstilbud. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2003; 123: 2895-6. PubMed
Henschke N, Ostelo RWJG, van Tulder MW, Vlaeyen JWS, Morley S, Assendelft WJJ, Main CJ. Behavioural treatment for chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD002014. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD002014.pub3. DOI
Furlan AD, van Tulder MW, Cherkin D, Tsukayama H, Lao L, Koes BW, Berman BM. Acupuncture and dry-needling for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD001351. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001351.pub2. DOI
Parreira P, Heymans MW, van Tulder MW, Esmail R, Koes BW, Poquet N, Lin CWC, Maher CG. Back Schools for chronic non‐specific low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 8. Art. No.: CD011674. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD011674.pub2. DOI
Manheimer E, White A, Berman B, Forys K, Ernst E. Meta-analysis: Acupuncture for low back pain. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 651-63. Annals of Internal Medicine
Ratcliffe J, Thomas KJ, MacPherson H, Brazier J. A randomised controlled trial of acupuncture care for lower back pain: cost effectiveness analysis. BMJ 2006; 333; 623.
Little P, Lewith G, Webley F et al. Randomised controlled trail of Alexander technique lessons, exercise, and massage (ATEAM) for chronic and reccurent back pain. BMJ 2008; 337: a884. PubMed
Engers AJ, Jellema P, Wensing M, van der Windt DAWM, Grol R, van Tulder MW. Individual patient education for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004057. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004057.pub3 DOI
Herman PM, Anderson ML, Sherman KJ, et al. Cost-effectiveness of Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction Versus Cognitive Behavioral Therapy or Usual Care Among Adults With Chronic Low Back Pain. Spine (Phila Pa 1976). 2017. PMID: 28742756 PubMed
Cramer H, Lauche R, Haller H, Dobos G. A systematic review and meta-analysis of yoga for low back pain. Clin JPain 2013; 29: 450-60. pmid: 23246998 PubMed
Wieland LS, Skoetz N, Pilkington K, et al. Yoga treatment for chronic non-specific low back pain. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017; 1: CD010671. pmid:28076926 PubMed
Wells C, Kolt GS, Marshall P, et al. The effectiveness of Pilates exercise in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. PLoS One. 2014; Jul 1;9(7): 100402. pmid:24179139 PubMed
Patti A, Bianco A, Paoli A, et al. Effects of Pilates exercise programs in people with chronic low back pain: a systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 2015;94(4):e383. PMID: 25634166 PubMed
Yamato TP, Maher CG, Saragiotto BT, et al. Pilates for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD010265. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD010265.pub2 DOI
French SD, Cameron M, Walker BF, Reggars JW, Esterman AJ. Superficial heat or cold for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2006, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD004750. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD004750.pub2. The Cochrane Library
MacRae CS, Lewis JS, Shortland AP, et al. Effectiveness of rocker sole shoes in the management of chronic low back pain: a randomized clinical trial. Spine 2013; 38: 1905-12. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3182a69956 DOI
Gibson JNA, Waddell G. Surgery for degenerative lumbar spondylosis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2005, Issue 4. Art. No.: CD001352. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD001352.pub3. DOI
Christensen FB, Bunger C. Stabilisation surgery for chronic low back pain: indications, surgical procedures and outcome. Scand J Rheumatol 2004; 33: 210-7. PubMed
Fairbank J, Frost H, Wilson-MacDonald J, Yu LM, Barker K, Collins R, for the Spine Stabilisation Trial Group. Randomised controlled trial to compare surgical stabilisation of the lumbar spine with an intensive rehabilitation programme for patients with chronic low back pain: the MRC spine stabilisation trial. BMJ 2005; 330:1220-27. British Medical Journal
Bjerkeset T, Johnsen LG, Kibsgaard L et al. Kirurgisk behandling av degenerative korsryggslidelser Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2005; 125: 1817-9. PubMed
Brox JI, Reikeras O, Nygaard O, et al. Lumbar instrumented fusion compared with cognitive intervention and exercises in patients with chronic back pain after previous surgery for disc herniation: A prospective randomized controlled study. Pain 2006; 122: 145-55. PubMed
Rognsvåg T, Strand LI, Skouen JS. Smerte- og funksjonsforløp hos pasienter med lumbal skiveprotese. Tidsskr Nor Lægeforen 2007; 127: 1188-91. PubMed
Hellum C, Johnsen LG, Storheim K, et al. Surgery with disc prosthesis versus rehabilitation in patients with low back pain and degenerative disc: two year follow-up of randomised study. BMJ 2011; 342: d2786. BMJ (DOI)
Jacobs W, Van der Gaag NA, Tuschel A, de Kleuver M, Peul W, Verbout AJ, Oner FC. Total disc replacement for chronic back pain in the presence of disc degeneration. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD008326. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008326.pub2 DOI
Staal JB, de Bie R, de Vet HCW, Hildebrandt J, Nelemans P. Injection therapy for subacute and chronic low-back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2008, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD001824. pmid: 18646078 PubMed
Nguyen C, Boutron I, Baron G et al. Intradiscal Glucocorticoid Injection for Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain Associated With Active Discopathy: A Randomized Trial. Ann Intern Med. 2017 Mar 21. Epub ahead of print pmid: 28319997 PubMed
Waseem Z, Boulias C, Gordon A, Ismail F, Sheean G, Furlan AD. Botulinum toxin injections for low-back pain and sciatica. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2011, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD008257. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD008257.pub2. DOI
Hooten WM, Cohen SP. Evaluation and Treatment of Low Back Pain: A Clinically Focused Review for Primary Care Specialists. Mayo Clin Proc. 2015 Dec;90(12):1699-718. pmid: 26653300. PubMed
Maas ET, Ostelo RWJG, Niemisto L, Jousimaa J, Hurri H, Malmivaara A, van Tulder MW. Radiofrequency denervation for chronic low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD008572. pmid: 26495910 PubMed
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Brief evidence update: primary care interventions to prevent low back pain. Accessed January 10, 2007, at: http://www.ahrq.gov/clinic/3rduspstf/lowback/lowbackup.htm.
Burton AK, Balague F, Cardon G, Eriksen HR, Henrotin Y, Lahad A, et al., for the COST B13 Working Group on European Guidelines for Prevention in Low Back Pain. How to prevent low back pain. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol 2005; 19: 541-55. PubMed
Bigos SJ, Holland J, Holland C, et al. High-quality controlled trials on preventing episodes of back problems: systematic litterature review in working-age adults. Spine 2009; 9: 147-68. PubMed
Buchbinder R, Jolley D, Wyatt M. Population based intervention to change back pain beliefs and disability: three part evaluation . BMJ 2001; 322: 1516-20. PubMed
Carragee EJ, Hannibal M. Diagnostic evaluation of low back pain. Orthop Clin North Am 2004; 35: 7-16. PubMed
Pengel LHM, Herbert RD, Maher CG, Refshauge KM. Acute low back pain: systematic review of its prognosis. BMJ 2003; 327: 323-8. British Medical Journal
Costa LCM, Maher CG, McAuley JH, et al. Prognosis for patients with chronic low back pain: inception cohort study. BMJ 2009; 339: b3829. BMJ (DOI)

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