Hopp til innhold
NHI.no
Annonse

Svangerskapsforgiftning (preeklampsi): Forekomst

Innhold i artikkelen

Svangerskapsforgiftning opptrer i cirka 3 prosent av alle svangerskap.  Årlig registreres kun rundt 15 til 20 tilfeller av eklampsi i Norge - det vil si at svært få med svangerskapsforgiftning utvikler eklampsi. Til sammen rammes rundt 10 % av alle gravide kvinner av en hypertensiv svangerskapskomplikasjon.

Annonse

Hos en liten andel av kvinnene med svangerskapsforgiftning oppstår det som kalles HELLP-syndrom (Hemolysis, Elevated Liver enzymes, Low Platelet count). Det er en tilstand som kjennetegnes ved smerter i øvre del av magen eller under høyre ribbensbue, av og til kvalme og brekninger, nedsatt leverfunksjon og forstyrrelser i blodcellene. HELLP er forbundet med økt risiko for komplikasjoner.

Vil du vite mer

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Preeklampsi og hypertensive svangerskapskomplikasjoner . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. Staff A, Kvie A, Langesæter E, et al. Hypertensive svangerskapskomplikasjoner og eklampsi. Veileder i fødselshjelp. Oslo: Norsk gynekologisk forening; sist oppdatert februar 2020 (overført til metodebok.no 17.07.2024). Siden besøkt 12.09.2024 metodebok.no
  2. Folkehelseinstituttet. Medisinsk fødselsregister. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet. Siden besøkt 11.09.2024 statistikkbank.fhi.no
  3. Yang Y, Le Ray I, Zhu J, et al. Preeclampsia Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Pregnancy Outcomes in Sweden and China. JAMA Netw Open 2021; 4: e218401. PMID: 33970258 PubMed
  4. Burton GJ, Redman CW, Roberts JM, Moffett A. Pre-eclampsia: pathophysiology and clinical implications. BMJ. 2019 Jul 15;366:l2381. PMID: 31307997 PubMed
  5. Mol BW, Roberts CT, Thangaratinam S, et al. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet 2016. Mar 5;387(10022):999-1011. pmid:26342729 PubMed
  6. Armaly Z, Jadaon JE, Jabbour A, Abassi ZA. Preeclampsia: Novel Mechanisms and Potential Therapeutic Approaches. Front Physiol 2018; 9: 973. pmid:30090069 PubMed
  7. McGinnis R, Steinthorsdottir V, Williams NO, et al. Variants in the fetal genome near FLT1 are associated with risk of preeclampsia. Nat Genet 2017. pmid:28628106 PubMed
  8. Chappell LC, Cluver CA, Kingdom J, Tong S. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2021 Jul 24;398(10297):341-354. PMID: 34051884 PubMed
  9. Rana S1, Powe CE, Salahuddin S et al. Angiogenic factors and the risk of adverse outcomes in women with suspected preeclampsia. Circulation 2012; 125: 911-9. pmid:22261192 PubMed
  10. Helsedirektoratet (2018). Nasjonal faglig retningslinje for svangerskapsomsorgen. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet; 01.06.2018. Siste faglige endring 26.06.2024, siden besøkt 12.09.2024 www.helsedirektoratet.no
  11. Bartsch E, Medcalf KE, Park AL, et al. Clinical risk factors for pre-eclampsia determined in early pregnancy: systematic review and meta-analysis of large cohort studies. BMJ 2016; 353: i1753. pmid: 27094586 PubMed
  12. Storgaard M, Loft A, Bergh C et al. Obstetric and neonatal complications in pregnancies conceived after oocyte donation: a systematic review and meta-analysis. BJOG. 2017 Mar;124(4):561-572. Epub 2016 Sep 5. PMID: 27592694 PubMed
  13. Toloza FJK, Derakhshan A, Männistö T, et al. Association between maternal thyroid function and risk of gestational hypertension and pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and individual-participant data meta-analysis. Lancet Diabet Endocrinol 2022. pmid:35255260 PubMed
  14. NICE guidelines. Hypertension in pregnancy: diagnosis and management. NICE guidelines NG133. Pub: Jun 2019. Siden besøkt: 17.10.19 www.nice.org.uk
  15. Eastwood KA, Patterson C, Hunter AJ et al. Evaluation of the predictive value of placental vascularisation indices derived from 3-dimensional power Doppler whole placental volume scanning for prediction of pre-eclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Placenta 2017; 51: 89-97. pmid:28089506 PubMed
  16. Gestational Hypertension and Preeclampsia: ACOG Practice Bulletin, Number 222. Obstet Gynecol. 2020 Jun;135(6):e237-e260. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003891. PMID: 32443079 PubMed
  17. Magee LA, Brown MA, Hall DR, et al. The 2021 International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy classification, diagnosis & management recommendations for international practice. Pregnancy Hypertens. 2022 Mar;27:148-169. PMID: 35066406 PubMed
  18. Lian IA, Salvesen KÅB. Nye biomarkører for vurdering av risiko for preeklampsi. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen. 2022 Sep 20;142(13). tidsskriftet.no
  19. Duhig KE, Myers J, Seed PT, et al. Placental growth factor testing to assess women with suspected pre-eclampsia: a multicentre, pragmatic, stepped-wedge cluster-randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2019. pmid:30948284 PubMed
  20. Nielsen LH, Sundtoft I, Vestgaard MJ et al. Hypertension og præeklampsi. Danske Selskab for Obstetrik og Gynækologi. Obstetrisk Guideline 2018. www.dsog.dk
  21. Bramham K, Parnell B, Nelson-Piercy C, et al. Chronic hypertension and pregnancy outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2014 ;348:g2301. pmid: 24735917 PubMed
  22. Magro-Malosso ER, Saccone G, Di Tommaso M et al. Exercise during pregnancy and risk of gestational hypertensive disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand 2017; 96: 921-31. pmid:28401531 PubMed
  23. McCall CA, Grimes DA, Lyerly AD. "Therapeutic" bed rest in pregnancy: unethical and unsupported by data. Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Jun;121(6):1305-1308. PMID: 23812466 PubMed
  24. Palmer KT, Bonzini M, Harris EC et al. Work activities and risk of prematurity, low birth weight and pre-eclampsia: an updated review with meta-analysis. Occup Environ Med 2013; 70: 213-22. pmid:23343859 PubMed
  25. Middleton P, Gomersall JC, Gould JF, Shepherd E, Olsen SF, Makrides M. Omega‐3 fatty acid addition during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD003402. PMID: 30480773 PubMed
  26. Bezerra Maia E Holanda Moura S, Marques Lopes L, Murthi P et al. Prevention of preeclampsia. J Pregnancy 2012; epub: 435090. pmid:23316362 PubMed
  27. McCance DR, Holmes VA, Maresh MJA, et al. Vitamins C and E for prevention of pre-eclampsia in women with type 1 diabetes (DAPIT): a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet 2010; 376: 259-66. PubMed
  28. Tita AT, Szychowski JM, Boggess K et al. Chronic Hypertension and Pregnancy (CHAP) Trial Consortium. Treatment for Mild Chronic Hypertension during Pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2022 Apr 2. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35363951 PubMed
  29. Abalos E, Duley L, Steyn DW, Gialdini C. Antihypertensive drug therapy for mild to moderate hypertension during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD002252. PMID: 30277556 PubMed
  30. Duley L, Henderson-Smart DJ, Meher S. Drugs for treatment of very high blood pressure during pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2013, Issue 7. Art. No.: CD001449. PMID: 23900968 PubMed
  31. Berhan Y, Berhan A. Should magnesium sulfate be administered to women with mild pre-eclampsia? A systematic review of published reports on eclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2015 Jun;41(6):831-42. pmid: 25833188 PubMed
  32. Duley L, Gülmezoglu AM, Henderson‐Smart DJ, Chou D. Magnesium sulphate and other anticonvulsants for women with pre‐eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2010, Issue 11. Art. No.: CD000025. PMID: 21069663 PubMed
  33. Churchill D, Duley L, Thornton JG, Moussa M, Ali HSM, Walker KF. Interventionist versus expectant care for severe pre-eclampsia between 24 and 34 weeks' gestation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2018, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD003106. PMID: 30289565 PubMed
  34. Chappell LC, Brocklehurst P, Green ME et al. PHOENIX Study Group. Planned early delivery or expectant management for late preterm pre-eclampsia (PHOENIX): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2019 Sep 28;394(10204):1181-1190. Epub 2019 Aug 28. PMID: 31472930 PubMed
  35. Cluver C, Novikova N, Koopmans CM, West HM. Planned early delivery versus expectant management for hypertensive disorders from 34 weeks gestation to term. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 1. Art. No.: CD009273. PMID: 28106904 PubMed
  36. Koopmans CM, Bijlenga D, Groen H, et al. Induction of labour versus expectant monitoring for gestational hypertension or mild pre-eclampsia after 36 weeks' getsation (HYPITAT): a multicentre, open-label randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374: 979-88. PubMed
  37. Amorim MMR, Souza ASR, Katz L. Planned caesarean section versus planned vaginal birth for severe pre‐eclampsia. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2017, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD009430. PMID: 29058762 PubMed
  38. Magee LA, Nicolaides KH, von Dadelszen P. Preeclampsia. N Engl J Med. 2022 May 12;386(19):1817-1832. PMID: 35544388 PubMed
  39. Rolnik DL, Wright D, Poon LC, et al. Aspirin versus Placebo in Pregnancies at High Risk for Preterm Preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2017. PMID: 28657417 PubMed
  40. Henderson JT, Whitlock EP, O'Connor E, et al. Low-dose aspirin for prevention of morbidity and mortality from preeclampsia: A systematic evidence review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med 2014; 160: 695-703. pmid: 24711050 PubMed
  41. Duley L, Meher S, Hunter KE, Seidler AL, Askie LM. Antiplatelet agents for preventing pre‐eclampsia and its complications. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 10. Art. No.: CD004659. PMID: 31684684 PubMed
  42. US Preventive Services Task Force. Aspirin Use to Prevent Preeclampsia and Related Morbidity and Mortality US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2021; 326: 1186-91. pmid:34581729 PubMed
  43. Bone JN, Sandhu A, Abalos ED, et al. Oral Antihypertensives for Nonsevere Pregnancy Hypertension: Systematic Review, Network Meta- and Trial Sequential Analyses. Hypertension 2022; 79: 614-628. pmid:35138877 PubMed
  44. Hofmeyr GJ, Manyame S, Medley N, Williams MJ. Calcium supplementation commencing before or early in pregnancy, for preventing hypertensive disorders of pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2019, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD011192. PMID: 31523806 PubMed
  45. Rumbold A, Ota E, Hori H, Miyazaki C, Crowther CA. Vitamin E supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004069. PMID: 26343254 PubMed
  46. Rumbold A, Ota E, Nagata C, Shahrook S, Crowther CA. Vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2015, Issue 9. Art. No.: CD004072. PMID: 26415762 PubMed
  47. Poon LC, Shennan A, Hyett JA et al. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) initiative on pre-eclampsia: A pragmatic guide for first-trimester screening and prevention. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2019; 145: 1-33. pmid:31111484 PubMed
  48. Harmon QE, Huang L, Umbach DM, et al. Risk of fetal death with preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 2015; 125: 628-35. PMID: 25730226 PubMed
  49. Skjaerven R, Wilcox AJ, Klungsøyr K, et al. Cardiovascular mortality after pre-eclampsia in one child mothers: prospective, population based cohort study. BMJ 2012; 345: e7677. pmid: 23186909 PubMed
  50. Brown MC, Best KE, Pearce MS et al. Cardiovascular disease risk in women with pre‐eclampsia: Systematic review and meta‐analysis. Eur J Epidemiol 2013; 28: 1-19. pmid:23397514 PubMed
  51. Kessous R, Shoham-Vardi I, Pariente G et al. Long-term maternal atherosclerotic morbidity in women with pre-eclampsia. Heart 2015; 101: 442-6. pmid:25564558 PubMed
  52. Ray JG, Austin PC, Park AL, et al. Severity of obstructive coronary artery stenosis after pre-eclampsia. Heart 2023; 109: 449-456. pmid:36270786 PubMed
  53. Yang F, Janszky I, Gissler M, Roos N, Wikström AK, Yu Y, Chen H, Bonamy AE, Li J, László KD. Association of Maternal Preeclampsia With Offspring Risks of Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke in Nordic Countries. JAMA Netw Open. 2022 Nov 1;5(11):e2242064. PMID: 36378310. PubMed
  54. Stuart JJ, Tanz LJ, Missmer SA et al. Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy and Maternal Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factor Development: An Observational Cohort Study. Ann Intern Med 2018; 169: 224-32. pmid:29971437 PubMed
  55. Brown MA, Magee LA, Kenny LC et al. International Society for the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy (ISSHP). Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy: ISSHP Classification, Diagnosis, and Management Recommendations for International Practice. Hypertension. 2018 Jul;72(1):24-43. PMID: 29899139. PubMed
Annonse
Annonse