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Parkinson, årsaker: Parkinsons sykdom versus parkinsonisme

Årsakene til Parkinson sykdom er som nevnt ikke avklart. Men vi vet mye om hvilke skader sykdommen forårsaker, og hvorfor symptomene opptrer. Når nevroner i substantia nigra dør eller hemmes, resulterer dette i dopaminmangel og forstyrret funksjon i corpus striatum. Resultatet blir de symptomene vi ser ved Parkinsons sykdom. 

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Kombinasjoner av to eller flere symptomer som stive bevegelser, skjelvinger, sakte bevegelser (bradykinesi) eller balanseproblemer (postural instabilitet) betegnes som parkinsonisme. Parkinsonisme forekommer naturligvis ved Parkinsons sykdom, men i tillegg kan enkelte medisiner og andre nevrologiske sykdommer også gi parkinsonisme.

De fleste av medisinene som kan forårsake parkinsonisme, brukes innen psykiatrien. Eksempler er såkalte antipsykotika, som brukes til behandling av psykoser, for eksempel ved schizofreni. Andre medisiner som kan gi parkinsonisme, er legemidler med virkestoffene valproinsyre (brukes i behandling av epilepsi) eller metoklopramid (brukes mot kvalme og oppkast). Også noen av de mest brukte legemidlene mot depresjoner, kalt SSRI, kan en sjelden gang gi parkinsonisme.

Parkinsonisme ved bruk av legemidler er vanligst hos eldre og skrøpelige mennesker. Når bruken av medikamentet som forårsaker symptomene er stanset, kan parkinsonismen etter hvert gå fullstendig tilbake.  

Andre nevrologiske sykdommer som kan gi parkinsonisme, er Alzheimers demens og en annen type demens kalt demens med Lewy-legemer. I tillegg kan parkinsonisme opptre som følge av små eller større hjerneslag i forbindelse med omfattende kalknedslag eller annen sykdom i hjernens blodårene (cerebrovaskulær sykdom).

Andre sykdommer med parkinsonisme er blant annet Wilsons sykdom, som skyldes kobberavleiringer mange steder i kroppen, vannhode (hydrocefalus), vitamin B1-mangel, forstyrrelser i produksjonen av skjoldkjertel-hormon og hjernesvulster.

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Parkinsons sykdom (PS) . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

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