Medikamentell behandling
Det finnes en rekke ulike medisiner som brukes i behandlingen av Parkinsons sykdom, og opplegget må nøye tilpasses den enkelte pasient. De medisinene som virker for én pasient, har ikke nødvendigvis like god effekt hos en annen. En medisin som ikke gir bivirkninger hos den ene, kan gi alvorlige problemer hos den andre. I tillegg mister enkelte av medisinene sin effekt etter langvarig bruk.
Alt dette gjør det nødvendig med god og regelmessig kontroll og oppfølging av lege. Dette er spesialisert behandling som krever kontakt med både nevrolog og fastlege. Ved Parkinsons sykdom er det også svært viktig at du ikke begynner med nye medisiner eller slutter å ta medisiner uten å ha snakket med lege først.
Fire ulike medikamentgrupper finnes:
- Levodopa
- COMT-hemmere
- MAO-B hemmere
- Dopaminagonister.
Per i dag finnes ingen aktuell klinisk behandling som kan forebygge Parkinsons sykdom eller med sikkerhet kan forsinke sykdomsutviklingen. Noen studier kan tyde på at to medisiner av type MAO-B-hemmer kanskje kan forsinke sykdomsutviklingen, men disse resultatene er omstridte.
Den medisinske behandlingen starter vanligvis når pasienten har behov for den. Når symptomene påvirker funksjonsevnen og livskvaliteten. Effekten endres oftest ved årelang behandling og etter hvert som sykdommen skrider frem. Det er viktig å ta hensyn til forskjellige mulige langtidseffekter, som for eksempel avtagende effekt av hver enkelt legemiddeldose. Man bør være oppmerksom på mulige bivirkninger, for eksempel kvalme, tretthet eller ufrivillige bevegelser en tid etter inntak av et legemiddel mot Parkinsons sykdom.
Generelt virker altså medisinene som er aktuelle ved Parkinsons sykdom (antiparkinsonmidler), ved å dempe plagene som sykdommen medfører, men uten å påvirke sykdomsutviklingen. De fleste pasientene har god nytte av behandlingen.
Hver enkelt medisin har sine bivirkninger, men graden av bivirkninger varierer mye fra person til person. Et vanlig problem ved alle antiparkinsonmidlene er at de kan gi tretthet i kortere eller lengre tid etter inntak. Dette gjelder særlig for eldre pasienter og sent i sykdomsforløpet.
Bivirkninger som har oppstått, blir vanligvis bedre eller forsvinner helt etter dosereduksjon. Dersom pasienten opplever bivirkninger i forbindelse med bruk av et legemiddel gjentatte ganger, kan man vurdere å bytte til et annet antiparkinsonmiddel.
Pasienten som bruker dopaminerge legemidler, bør overvåkes regelmessig for utvikling av impulskontrollforstyrrelse i form av sykelig spilleavhengighet, økt libido, hyperseksualitet, tvangspreget pengeforbruk og impulskjøp, overspising og tvangsspising. Pasienten og omsorgspersoner må gjøres oppmerksom på disse symptomene og revurdering av behandlingen anbefales dersom slike symptomer oppstår.
Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Parkinsons sykdom (PS) . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor
- Mygland Å, et al. Parkinsons sykdom. NEL Nevrologi. Sist revidert 07.11.2017. Sist oppdatert 28. okt. 2022. nevrologi.legehandboka.no
- GBD 2016 Neurology Collaborators. Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016. Lancet Neurol. 2019. May;18(5):459–480. PMID: 30879893 PubMed
- Tolosa E, Garrido A, Scholz SW, Poewe W. Challenges in the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(5):385-397. PubMed
- Zhang Q, Chen W, Tan S, Lin T. Stem Cells for Modeling and Therapy of Parkinson's Disease. Hum Gene Ther 2017; 28(1): 85-98. pmid:27762639 PubMed
- Armstrong MJ, Okun MS. Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review. JAMA. 2020;323(6):548-560. PubMed
- Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. London: Whittingham and Rowland, 1817. archive.org
- Bega D. Parkinson's disease. BMJ Best Practice. Last updated 02.07.2018. bestpractice.bmj.com
- Hawkes CH, Del Tredici K, Braak H. A timeline for Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010;16(2):79-84. PubMed
- Espay AJ, Okun MS. Abandoning the Proteinopathy Paradigm in Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol 2023; 80: 123-124. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2022.4193 DOI
- Jankovic J. Etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson disease. UpToDate, last updated Dec 21, 2021. UpToDate
- Blauwendraat C, Nalls MA, Singleton AB. The genetic architecture of Parkinson’s disease. Lancet Neurol. 2020;19(2):170–178. PMID: 31521533 PubMed
- Sidransky E, Nalls MA, Aasly JO, et al. Multicenter analysis of glucocerebrosidase mutations in Parkinson's disease. N Engl J Med 2009; 361(17): 1651-61. Pmid: 19846850 PubMed
- Kenborg L, Rugbjerg K, Lee PC, Ravnskjær L, Christensen J, Ritz B, Lassen CF. Head injury and risk for Parkinson disease: results from a Danish case-control study. Neurology. 2015 Mar 17;84(11):1098-103. PubMed
- Goldman SM, Quinlan PJ, Ross GW, et al. Solvent exposures and Parkinson disease risk in twins. Ann Neurol 2012; 71(6): 776-84. pmid:22083847 PubMed
- Schrag A, Bohlken J, Dammertz L, et al. Widening the Spectrum of Risk Factors, Comorbidities, and Prodromal Features of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Neurol. Published online November 07, 2022. PMID: 36342675 PubMed
- Jiang W, Ju C, Jiang H, Zhang D. Dairy foods intake and risk of Parkinson's disease: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eur J Epidemiol. 2014 Sep;29(9):613-9. Epub 2014 Jun 4. PMID: 24894826. PubMed
- Jankovic J, Tan EK. Parkinson's disease: etiopathogenesis and treatment. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2020; 91:795. PubMed
- Shen C, Guo Y, Luo W, et al. Serum urate and the risk of Parkinson's disease: results from a meta-analysis. Can J Neurol Sci 2013; 40(1): 73-9. pmid:23250131 PubMed
- Chang JJ, Kulkarni S, Pasricha TS. Upper Gastrointestinal Mucosal Damage and Subsequent Risk of Parkinson Disease. JAMA Netw Open 2024; 7: e2431949. pmid:39235810 PubMed
- Postuma RB, Berg D, Stern M, et al. MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2015; 30(12): 1591-601. pmid:26474316 PubMed
- Dietrichs E, Alves G, Benjaminsen E, et al. Behandling av motoriske symptomer ved Parkinsons sykdom. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2023. doi: 10.4045/tidsskr.22.0804 DOI
- Chou KL. Diagnosis and differential diagnosis of Parkinson disease. UpToDate. Sist oppdatert 05.09.2018. www.uptodate.com
- Erro R, Picillo M, Vitale C, Amboni M, Moccia M, Santangelo G, Pellecchia MT, Barone P.. The non-motor side of the honeymoon period of Parkinson's disease and its relationship with quality of life: a 4-year longitudinal study. Eur J Neurol. 2016 Nov;23(11):1673-1679 . pmid:27435448 PubMed
- Scott BM, Eisinger RS, Burns MR, et al. Co-occurrence of apathy and impulse control disorders in Parkinson disease. Neurology. 2020; 95(20) :e2769-e2780. PMID: 33004605 PubMed
- Egan SJ, Laidlaw K, Starkstein S. Cognitive Behaviour Therapy for Depression and Anxiety in Parkinson's Disease. J Parkinsons Dis 2015; 5(3): 443-51. pmid:26406124 PubMed
- Hiort YH, Pedersen KF, Dalen I, et al. Orthostatic hypotension in Parkinson disease A 7-year prospective population-based study. Neurology 2019; 93: 1526-34. pmid:31527282 PubMed
- Marek K, Seibyl J, Eberly S, Oakes D, Shoulson I, Lang AE, Hyson C, Jennings D; Parkinson Study Group PRECEPT Investigators. Longitudinal follow-up of SWEDD subjects in the PRECEPT Study. Neurology. 2014 May 20;82(20):1791-7 . pmid:24759846 PubMed
- Berardelli A, Wenning GK, Antonini A, et al. EFNS/MDS-ES/ENS corrected recommendations for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20(1): 16-34. pmid:23279440 PubMed
- Ferreira JJ, Katzenschlager R, Bloem BR, et al. Summary of the recommendations of the EFNS/MDS-ES review on therapeutic management of Parkinson's disease. Eur J Neurol 2013; 20(1): 5-15. pmid:23279439 PubMed
- Bahr R, Karlsson J, Ståhle A, et al. Aktivitetshåndboken (IS-1592): Kap. 36: Parkinsons sykdom. Fagbokforlaget: Helsedirektoratet, 2009. helsedirektoratet.no
- Tambosco L, Percebois-Macadré L, Rapin A, et al. Effort training in Parkinson's disease: a systematic review. Ann Phys Rehabil Med. 2014 Mar;57(2):79-104. PMID: 24582335 PubMed
- Uhrbrand A, Stenager E, Pedersen MS, et al. Parkinson's disease and intensive exercise therapy - a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.. J Neurol Sci. 2015; 353(1-2): 9-19. pmid:25936252 PubMed
- Shu HF, Yang T, Yu SX, et al. Aerobic exercise for Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.PLoS One. 2014 Jul 1;9(7):e100503. PMID: 24983753. PubMed
- Roeder L, Costello JT, Smith SS, et al. Effects of Resistance Training on Measures of Muscular Strength in People with Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLoS One 2015. pmid:26146840 PubMed
- Mehrholz J, Kugler J, Storch A, et al. Treadmill training for patients with Parkinson's disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2015 Aug 22;8:CD007830. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD007830.pub4 DOI
- Espay AJ, LeWitt PA, Hauser RA, et al. Neurogenic orthostatic hypotension and supine hypertension in Parkinson's disease and related synucleinopathies: prioritisation of treatment targets.. Lancet Neurol. 2016 Aug;15(9):954-66. pmid:27478953 PubMed
- Tarsy D. Pharmacologic treatment of Parkinson disease. UpToDate. Literature review current through: Oct 2018. Topic last updated: Jul 10, 2018. www.uptodate.com
- Garcia-Ruiz PJ. Impulse Control Disorders and Dopamine-Related Creativity: Pathogenesis and Mechanism, Short Review, and Hypothesis. Front Neurol. 2018;9:1041. Published 2018 Dec 6. PMID: 30574117 PubMed
- Grall-Bronnec M, Victorri-Vigneau C, Donnio Y, et al. Dopamine Agonists and Impulse Control Disorders: A Complex Association. Drug Saf. 2018;41(1):19-75. PMID: 28861870 PubMed
- Garcia-Ruiz PJ, Martinez Castrillo JC, Alonso-Canovas A, et al. Impulse control disorder in patients with Parkinson's disease under dopamine agonist therapy: a multicentre study. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2014; Aug;85. pmid:24434037 PubMed
- Spindler MA, Hurtig HI. Initial pharmacologic treatment of Parkinson disease. UpToDate, last updated Nov 20, 2019. UpToDate
- Aradi SD, Hauser RA. Medical Management and Prevention of Motor Complications in Parkinson's Disease. Neurotherapeutics. 2020;17(4):1339-1365. PubMed
- Watts RL, Jankovic J, Waters C, Rajput A, Boroojerdi B, Rao J. Randomized, blind, controlled trial of transdermal rotigotine in early Parkinson disease. Neurology 2007; 68: 272-6. Neurology
- Odin P, Ray Chaudhuri K, Slevin JT, et al. National Steering Committees. Collective physician perspectives on non-oral medication approaches for the management of clinically relevant unresolved issues in Parkinson's disease: Consensus from an international survey and discussion program. Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2015 Oct;21(10):1133-44. pmid:26233582 PubMed
- Vitek JL, Jain R, Chen L, et al. Subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation with a multiple independent constant current-controlled device in Parkinson's disease (INTREPID): a multicentre, double-blind, randomised, sham-controlled study. Lancet Neurol 2020; 19:491. PMID: 32470421 PubMed
- Lilleeng B, Gjerstad M, Baardsen R, et al. The long-term development of non-motor problems after STN-DBS. Acta Neurol Scand. 2015 Oct;132(4):251-8. pmid:25752590 PubMed
- Martinez-Fernandez R, Pelissier P, Quesada JL, et al. Postoperative apathy can neutralise benefits in quality of life after subthalamic stimulation for Parkinson's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2016; 87(3): 311-8. pmid:25934016 PubMed
- Seppi K, Ray Chaudhuri K, Coelho M et al. The collaborators of the Parkinson's Disease Update on Non-Motor Symptoms Study Group on behalf of the Movement Disorders Society Evidence-Based Medicine Committee. Update on treatments for nonmotor symptoms of Parkinson's disease-an evidence-based medicine review. Mov Disord. 2019 Feb;34(2):180-198. doi: 10.1002/mds.27602. Epub 2019 Jan 17. Erratum in: Mov Disord. 2019 May;34(5):765. PMID: 30653247 PubMed
- Richard IH, McDermott MP, Kurlan R, et al. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of antidepressants in Parkinson disease. Neurology 2012; : 10.1212/WNL.0b013e3182516244.
- Rodnitzky RL. Cognitive impairment and dementia in Parkinson disease. UpToDate, last updated Apr 15, 2020. UpToDate
- Pagano G, Rengo G, Pasqualetti G, et al. Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson`s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2015 Jul;86(7):767-73. Pmid: 25224676.
- Nasjonal faglig retningslinje om demens. Helsedirektoratet. Utgitt 18.08.2017. IS-2658. V3.1 publisert 17.12.2017. helsedirektoratet.no
- Stefani A, Högl B. Sleep in Parkinson's disease. Neuropsychopharmacology. 2020;45(1):121-128. PubMed
- Ylikoski A, Martikainen K, Sarkanen T, Partinen M. Parkinson's disease and narcolepsy-like symptoms. Sleepmedicine. Published Online: January 23, 2015 . doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.sleep.2014.12.010
- Asahina M, Vichayanrat E, Low DA, et al. Autonomic dysfunction in parkinsonian disorders: assessment and pathophysiology. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2013; 84: 674-80. PMID: 22942216 PubMed
- Pena JIbarretxe-Bilbao NGarcia-Gorostiaga I, et al. Improving functional disability and cognition in Parkinson disease: Randomized controlled trial. Neurology. 2014 Oct 31. pii: 10.1212/WNL.0000000000001043 .
- Ascherio A, Schwarzschild MA. The epidemiology of Parkinson's disease: risk factors and prevention. Lancet Neurol 2016; 15(12): 1257-1272. pmid:27751556 PubMed
- Leung IH, Walton CC, Hallock H, et al. Cognitive training in Parkinson disease: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Neurology 2015. PMID: 26519540 PubMed
- Dahm, K. Reinar, L M. Effekten av fysioterapi for pasienter med Parkinsons sykdom. Rapport fra Kunnskapssenteret nr 21 - 2009.
- Kordower JH. Gene therapy for Parkinson's disease: still a hot topic?. Neuropsychopharmacology 2015; 40(1): 255-6. pmid:25482182 PubMed
- Morizane A, Takahashi J. Cell therapy for Parkinson's disease. Neurol Med Chir (Tokyo) 2016; 56(3): 102-109. pmid:26912295 PubMed
- Liebert A, Bicknell B, Laakso EL, et al. Improvements in clinical signs of Parkinson's disease using photobiomodulation: a prospective proof-of-concept study. BMC Neurol. 2021 Jul 2;21(1):256. PMID: 34215216 PubMed
- Fox SH, Katzenschlager R, Lim SY, et al. International Parkinson and movement disorder society evidence-based medicine review: Update on treatments for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2018 Aug; 33(8): 1248-1266. pmid:29570866 PubMed
- Hu XW, Qin SM, Li D, et al. Elevated homocysteine levels in levodopa-treated idiopathic Parkinson's disease: a meta-analysis. Acta Neurol Scand 2013; 128(2): 73-82. pmid:23432663 PubMed
- Williams-Gray CH, Mason SL, Evans JR, et al. The CamPaIGN study of Parkinson`s disease: 10-year outlook in an incident population-based cohort. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry. 2013 Jul 23. PMID: 23781007. PubMed
- Morgan JC, Currie LJ, Harrison MB, et al. Mortality in levodopa-treated Parkinson's disease. Parkinsons Dis 2014; 2014: 426976. pmid:24616821 PubMed