Hopp til innhold
NHI.no
Annonse

Bipolar lidelse: Videre forløp

Innhold i artikkelen

Forløpet av bipolar lidelse varierer mye fra individ til individ, og vil også påvirkes av den behandlingen pasienten får. Noe av det viktigste for et godt forløp er å fortsette med forebyggende legemidler, selv om man føler seg nøytral i stemningsleiet.

Annonse

Maniske episoder starter ofte relativt brått, og de kan vedvare fra et par uker til flere måneder dersom de ikke behandles. Depressive episoder har ofte lengre varighet, i gjennomsnitt cirka fire måneder, men de kan vedvare i mer enn ett år.

En av de store utfordringene med lidelsene er at mange opplever tilbakefall. I en studie hadde cirka 40 prosent av pasientene tilbakefall innen to år etter første episode. For noen pasienter fører sykdommen til at de ikke klarer å fungere i arbeidslivet.

Det er en tydelig økt selvmordsfare spesielt i etterkant av depressive perioder, men også i maniske perioder.

Vil du vite mer

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet Bipolar affektiv lidelse . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. Grande I, Berk M, Birmaher B, et al. Bipolar disorder. Lancet. 2016;387(10027):1561–1572. PMID: 26388529. PubMed
  2. Ferrari AJ, Stockings E, Khoo J-P, et al. The prevalence and burden of bipolar disorder: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Bipolar Disord. 2016;18(5):440–450.
  3. Marzani G, Price Neff A. Bipolar Disorders: Evaluation and Treatment. Am Fam Physician. 2021 Feb 15;103(4):227-239. PMID: 33587568. PubMed
  4. Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, et al. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorders in the world mental health survey intiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2011; 68: 241-51. PubMed
  5. Morken G, Vaaler AE, Folden GE, Andreassen OA, Malt UF. Age at onset of first episode and time to treatment in in-patients with bipolar disorder. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 559-60. British Journal of Psychiatry
  6. Larsson S, Lorentzen S, Mork E, et al. Age at onset of bipolar disorder in a Norwegian catchment area sample. J Affect Disord 2010; 124: 174-7. PubMed
  7. Geoffroy PA, Bellivier F, Scott J, Etain B. Seasonality and bipolar disorder: a systematic review, from admission rates to seasonality of symptoms. J Affect Disord. 2014 Oct;168:210-23. PMID: 25063960. PubMed
  8. Kendler KS. From Many to One to Many-the Search for Causes of Psychiatric Illness. JAMA Psychiatry. 2019 Oct 1;76(10):1085-1091. PMID: 31215968 PubMed
  9. Yatham LN, Kennedy SH, Parikh SV, et al. Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) and International Society for Bipolar Disorders (ISBD) 2018 guidelines for the management of patients with bipolar disorder. Bipolar Disord. 2018;20(2):97–170. PMID: 29536616. PubMed
  10. Song J, Bergen SE, Kuja-Halkola R, Larsson H, Landén M, Lichtenstein P. Bipolar disorder and its relation to major psychiatric disorders: a family-based study in the Swedish population. Bipolar Disord. 2015 Mar;17(2):184-93. PMID: 25118125. PubMed
  11. Barnett JH, Smoller JW. The genetics of bipolar disorder. Neuroscience 2009; 164: 331-43. PubMed
  12. Van Snellenberg JX, de Candia T. Meta-analytic evidence for familial coaggregation of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2009; 66: 748-55. PubMed
  13. Proudfoot J, Doran J, Manicavasagar V, Parker G. The precipitants of manic/hypomanic episodes in the context of bipolar disorder: a review. J Affect Disord. 2010.
  14. Quidé Y, Tozzi L, Corcoran M, Cannon DM, Dauvermann MR. The Impact of Childhood Trauma on Developing Bipolar Disorder: Current Understanding and Ensuring Continued Progress. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat. 2020 Dec 14;16:3095-3115. PMID: 33364762 PubMed
  15. Berle JØ, Solberg DK, Spigset O. Behandling av bipolar lidelse under svangerskap og etter fødsel. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2011; 131: 126-9. Tidsskrift for Den norske legeforening
  16. RELIS database 2016; spm.nr. 10439, RELIS Vest. Litium og graviditet. Dato for henvendelse: 14.01.2016. Nettsiden besøkt 06.05.19. legehandboka.no
  17. Frans EM, Sandin S, Reichenberg A, Lichtenstein P, Långström N, Hultman CM. Advancing paternal age and bipolar disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2008; 65: 1034-40. PubMed
  18. Engum A, Morken G, Vaaler A, Langsrud K, Ødegaard KJ, Syrstad VEG, Aminoff SR, Engen MJ, Lyngstad SH, Lagerberg TV, Andreassen OA Bipolarveileder - Oppdatert kunnskap (2024). NTNU Open ntnuopen.ntnu.no
  19. American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, 5th ed, text revision (DSM-5-TR). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2022. psychiatryonline.org
  20. World Health Organization. (2022). ICD-11: International classification of diseases (11th revision) icd.who.int
  21. Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson NA, Viana MC, Andrade LH, Hu C, Karam EG, Ladea M, Medina-Mora ME, Ono Y, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Wells JE, Zarkov Z. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;68(3):241-51. PMID: 21383262 PubMed
  22. Merikangas KR, Akiskal HS, Angst J, Greenberg PE, Hirschfeld RM, Petukhova M, Kessler RC. Lifetime and 12-month prevalence of bipolar spectrum disorder in the National Comorbidity Survey replication. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 May;64(5):543-52. doi: 10.1001/archpsyc.64.5.543. Erratum in: Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2007 Sep;64(9):1039. PMID: 17485606 PubMed
  23. Joshi G, Wilens T. Comorbidity in pediatric bipolar disorder. Child Adolesc Psychiatr Clin N Am 2009; 18: 291-319. PubMed
  24. Fan AH, Hassell J. Bipolar disorder and comorbid personality psychopathology: a review of the literature. J Clin Psychiatry. 2008 Nov;69(11):1794-803. PMID: 19026249. PubMed
  25. Nasjonal fagleg retningsline for utgreiing og behandling av bipolare lidingar. Helsedirektoratet 2012. www.helsebiblioteket.no
  26. Colom F, Vieta E, Sánchez-Moreno J, Palomino-Otiniano R, Reinares M, Goikolea JM, Benabarre A, Martínez-Arán A. Group psychoeducation for stabilised bipolar disorders: 5-year outcome of a randomised clinical trial. Br J Psychiatry. 2009 Mar;194(3):260-5. PMID: 19252157. PubMed
  27. Scott J, Colom F, Vieta E. A meta-analysis of relapse rates with adjunctive psychological therapies compared to usual psychiatric treatment for bipolar disorders. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol. 2007 Feb;10(1):123-9. PMID: 16787554 PubMed
  28. Geddes JR, Calabrese JR, Goodwin GM. Lamotrigine for treatment of bipolar depression: independent meta-analysis and meta-regression of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Br J Psychiatry 2009; 194: 4-9. British Journal of Psychiatry
  29. Beynon S, Soares-Weiser K, Woolacott N, Duffy S, Geddes JR. Psychosocial interventions for the prevention of relapse in bipolar disorder: systematic review of controlled trials. Br J Psych 2008; 192: 5-11. PubMed
  30. Soares-Weiser K, Bravo Vergel Y, Beynon S, et al. A systematic review and economic model of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions for preventing relapse in people with bipolar disorder. Health Technol Assess 2007; 11: 1-226. PubMed
  31. McIntyre RS, Berk M, Brietzke E, et al. Bipolar disorders. Lancet. 2020;396(10265):1841-1856. PubMed
  32. Hashimoto Y, Kotake K, Watanabe N, et al. Lamotrigine in the maintenance treatment of bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2021 Sep 15;9:CD013575. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD013575.pub2 DOI
  33. Cipriani A, Rendell JM, Geddes J. Olanzapine in long-term treatment for bipolar disorder. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2009; (1): CD004367. Cochrane (DOI)
  34. Lähteenvuo M, Tanskanen A, Taipale H, et al. Real-world effectiveness of pharmacologic treatments for the prevention of rehospitalization in a Finnish nationwide cohort of patients with bipolar disorder. JAMA Psychiatry 2018. pmid:29490359 PubMed
  35. Kessing LV, Sondergard L, Kvist K, Andersen PK. Suicide risk in patients treated with lithium. Arch Gen Psychiatry 2005; 62: 860-6. PubMed
  36. Young AH, Hammond JM. Lithium in mood disorders:increasing evidence base, declining use?. Br J Psychiatry 2007; 191: 474-6. PubMed
  37. National Institute for Health and Clinicial Excellence. Bipolar disorder: the management of bipolar disorder in adults, children and adolescents, in primary and secondary care. CG38 2006.
  38. Perry A, Tarrier N, Morriss R, McCarthy E, Limb K. Randomised controlled trial of efficacy of teaching patients with bipolar disorder to identify early symptoms of relapse and obtain treatment. BMJ 1999;318:149-153. British Medical Journal
  39. Solomon DA, Leon AC, Coryell WH, Endicott J, Li C, Fiedorowicz JG, Boyken L, Keller MB. Longitudinal course of bipolar I disorder: duration of mood episodes. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2010 Apr;67(4):339-47. PMID: 20368510 PubMed
  40. Lindahl V, Pearson JL, Colpe L. Prevalence of suicidality during pregnancy and the postpartum. Arch Women Ment Health 2005; 8: 77-87. PubMed
  41. Tohen M, Hennen J, Zarate C, et al. Harvard first episodes project: predictors of recovery and relapse. Bipolar Disord 2002;4(suppl 1):135-136.
  42. Gitlin MJ, Swendsen J, Heller TL. et al. Relapse and impairment in bipolar disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1635-40 American Journal of Psychiatry
  43. Novick DM, Swartz HA, Frank E. Suicide attempts in bipolar I and bipolar II disorder: a review and meta-analysis of the evidence. Bipolar Disord 2010; 12: 1-9. PubMed
  44. Cassidy F. Risk factors of attempted suicide in bipolar disorder. Suicide Life Threat Behav 2011; 41: 6-11. PubMed
  45. Fiedorowicz JG, Solomon DA, Endicott J, et al. Manic/hypomanic symptom burden and cardiovascular mortality in bipolar disorder. Psychosom Med 2009; 71: 598-606. PubMed
  46. Miller JN, Black DW. Bipolar Disorder and Suicide: a Review. Curr Psychiatry Rep. 2020 Jan 18;22(2):6. PMID: 31955273 PubMed
  47. Merikangas KR, Jin R, He JP, Kessler RC, Lee S, Sampson NA, Viana MC, Andrade LH, Hu C, Karam EG, Ladea M, Medina-Mora ME, Ono Y, Posada-Villa J, Sagar R, Wells JE, Zarkov Z. Prevalence and correlates of bipolar spectrum disorder in the world mental health survey initiative. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 2011 Mar;68(3):241-51. PMID: 21383262 PubMed
  48. Phillips ML, Ladouceur CD, Drevets WC. A neural model of voluntary and automatic emotion regulation: implications for understanding the pathophysiology and neurodevelopment of bipolar disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 2008 Sep;13(9):829, 833-57. PMID: 18574483 PubMed
  49. Pavlova B, Perlis RH, Mantere O, Sellgren CM, Isometsä E, Mitchell PB, Alda M, Uher R. Prevalence of current anxiety disorders in people with bipolar disorder during euthymia: a meta-analysis. Psychol Med. 2017 Apr;47(6):1107-1115. PMID: 27995827. PubMed
  50. Spoorthy MS, Chakrabarti S, Grover S. Comorbidity of bipolar and anxiety disorders: An overview of trends in research. World J Psychiatry. 2019 Jan 4;9(1):7-29. PMID: 30631749 PubMed
  51. Fornaro M, Daray FM, Hunter F, Anastasia A, Stubbs B, De Berardis D, Shin JI, Husain MI, Dragioti E, Fusar-Poli P, Solmi M, Berk M, Vieta E, Carvalho AF. The prevalence, odds and predictors of lifespan comorbid eating disorder among people with a primary diagnosis of bipolar disorders, and vice-versa: Systematic review and meta-analysis. J Affect Disord. 2021 Feb 1;280(Pt A):409-431. PMID: 33227671. PubMed
  52. Kupfer DJ, Frank E, Grochocinski VJ, Cluss PA, Houck PR, Stapf DA. Demographic and clinical characteristics of individuals in a bipolar disorder case registry. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002 Feb;63(2):120-5. PMID: 11874212. PubMed
  53. McIntyre RS, Patel MD, Masand PS, Harrington A, Gillard P, McElroy SL, Sullivan K, Montano CB, Brown TM, Nelson L, Jain R. The Rapid Mood Screener (RMS): a novel and pragmatic screener for bipolar I disorder. Curr Med Res Opin. 2021 Jan;37(1):135-144. PMID: 33300813. PubMed
  54. Berk M, Brnabic A, Dodd S, et al. Does stage of illness impact treatment response in bipolar disorder? Empirical treatment data and their implication for the staging model and early intervention. Bipolar Disord 2011; 13: 87-98. PubMed
  55. Hayes JF, Pitman A, Marston L et al. Self-harm, Unintentional Injury, and Suicide in Bipolar Disorder During Maintenance Mood Stabilizer Treatment A UK Population-Based Electronic Health Records Study. JAMA Psychiatry 2016; 73: 630-7. pmid:27167638 PubMed
  56. Levin JB, Krivenko A, Howland M, Schlachet R, Sajatovic M. Medication Adherence in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Comprehensive Review. CNS Drugs. 2016 Sep;30(9):819-35. PMID: 27435356 PubMed
  57. Loots E, Goossens E, Vanwesemael T, Morrens M, Van Rompaey B, Dilles T. Interventions to Improve Medication Adherence in Patients with Schizophrenia or Bipolar Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Sep 28;18(19):10213. PMID: 34639510 PubMed
  58. PRAC recommends strengthening the restrictions on the use of valproate in women and Girls. European Medicines Agency. Press release 10.10.2014
  59. Schoeyen HK, Kessler U, Andreassen OA, et al. Treatment-resistant bipolar depression: a randomized controlled trial of electroconvulsive therapy versus algorithm-based pharmacological treatment. Am J Psychiatry 2015; 172: 41-51. doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.13111517 DOI
  60. Helsedirektoratet. Nasjonal faglig retningslinje om bruk av elektronkonvulsiv behandling - ECT. IS-2629. Oslo: Helsedirektoratet 2017. helsedirektoratet.no
  61. Parikh SV, LeBlanc SR, Ovanessian MM. Advancing bipolar disorder: key lessons from the Systematic Treatment Enhancement Program for Bipolar Disorder (STEP-BD). Can J Psychiatry 2010; 55: 136-43. PubMed
  62. Cipriani A, Hawton K, Stockton S, et al. Lithium in the prevention of suicide in mood disorders: updated systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ 2013 Jun 27;346:f3646. doi:10.1136/bmj.f3646. DOI
Annonse
Annonse