Hopp til innhold
NHI.no
Annonse

Covid-19: Forekomst

Innhold i artikkelen

I løpet av noen få måneder siden desember 2019 utviklet covid-19 seg til en såkalt pandemi. En pandemi er et utbrudd av en sykdom som smitter raskt mellom mennesker og som sprer seg globalt. Per juni 2024 hadde det vært over 775 millioner registrerte tilfeller av covid-19 i verden og over 7 millioner av disse døde. Det faktiske antallet av smittede i verden og de som døde av pandemien, er trolig betydelig høyere. De fleste nordmenn har gjennomgått covid-19 minst én gang. Over 5400 personer har dødt av sykdommen i Norge. Nå har viruset blitt værende i samfunnet ("endemisk"), på samme måte som influensa- eller forkjølelsesvirus. 

Annonse

Vil du vite mer

Dette dokumentet er basert på det profesjonelle dokumentet COVID-19 . Referanselisten for dette dokumentet vises nedenfor

  1. World Health Organization. WHO COVID-19 dashboard. Site visited 03 June 2024. data.who.int
  2. WHO. 14.9 million excess deaths associated with the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021. News release 05 May 2022. www.who.int
  3. Knudsen AKS, Forthun I, Madsen C, et al. Dødelighet i Norge under koronapandemien 2020-2023. Rapport utgitt av FHI. Publisert 16.4.2024. www.fhi.no
  4. Paules CI, Marston HD, Fauci AS. Coronavirus Infections-More Than Just the Common Cold. JAMA. 2020 Feb 25;323(8):707-708. PMID: 31971553. PubMed
  5. Hu B, Guo H, Zhou P, Shi ZL. Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2021 Mar;19(3):141-154. Epub 2020 Oct 6. PMID: 33024307; PMCID: PMC7537588.
  6. Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. NEJM 2020; Epub: Jan 24. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa2001017 DOI
  7. Holmes EC, Goldstein SA, Rasmussen AL, et al. The origins of SARS-CoV-2: A critical review. Cell. 2021 Sep 16;184(19):4848-4856. Epub 2021 Aug 19. PMID: 34480864 PubMed
  8. World Health Organization. (2025). Independent assessment of the origins of SARS-CoV-2 from the Scientific Advisory Group for the Origins of Novel Pathogens (SAGO). Geneva, Switzerland. www.who.int
  9. European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Surveillance and disease data on COVID-19. Page last updated 29 Nov 2023. www.ecdc.europa.eu
  10. Covid-19 - håndbok for helsepersonell. Smittevernhåndboka. FHI. Sist endret 15.5.2025 www.fhi.no
  11. Duval D, Palmer JC, Tudge I, et al. Long distance airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2: rapid systematic review. BMJ 2022; 377: e068743. pmid:35768139 PubMed
  12. Boban M. Novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) update on epidemiology, pathogenicity, clinical course and treatments. Int J Clin Pract. 2021 Apr;75(4):e13868. Epub 2020 Dec 6. PMID: 33244856 PubMed
  13. NIPH. Situational awareness and forecasting for Norway. FHI COVID-19 modelling team. Tidligere publiserte rapporter. Siden lest 04 juni 2024. www.fhi.no
  14. Wölfel R, Corman VM, Guggemos W, et al. Virological assessment of hospitalized patients with COVID-2019. Nature 2020. pmid:32235945 PubMed
  15. Li MY, Li L, Zhang Y, Wang XS. Expression of the SARS-CoV-2 cell receptor gene ACE2 in a wide variety of human tissues. Infect Dis Poverty. 2020 Apr 28;9(1):45. PMID: 32345362 PubMed
  16. Kurdi A, Mueller T, Weir N. An umbrella review and meta-analysis of renin-angiotensin system drugs use and COVID-19 outcomes. Eur J Clin Invest. 2023 Feb;53(2):e13888. doi: 10.1111/eci.13888. Epub 2022 Oct 19. PMID: 36205627 PubMed
  17. Becker RC. COVID-19-associated vasculitis and vasculopathy. J Thromb Thrombolysis. 2020 Oct;50(3):499-511. PMID: 32700024 PubMed
  18. Liu JM, Tan BH, Wu S, Gui Y, Suo JL, Li YC. Evidence of central nervous system infection and neuroinvasive routes, as well as neurological involvement, in the lethality of SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2021 Mar;93(3):1304-1313. Epub 2020 Oct 14. PMID: 33002209 PubMed
  19. Gao YD, Ding M, Dong X, et al. Risk factors for severe and critically ill COVID-19 patients: A review. Allergy. 2021 Feb;76(2):428-455. Epub 2020 Dec 4. PMID: 33185910 PubMed
  20. Chen S, Zheng T, Wang S, Yu Y, Wang P, Song Y, Jiang J. Association between risk of VTE and mortality in patients with COVID-19. Int J Infect Dis. 2021 Jun 6:S1201-9712(21)00494-X. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 34107325 PubMed
  21. Zhang JJ, Dong X, Liu GH, Gao YD. Risk and Protective Factors for COVID-19 Morbidity, Severity, and Mortality. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol. 2023 Feb;64(1):90-107. doi: 10.1007/s12016-022-08921-5. Epub 2022 Jan 19. PMID: 35044620 PubMed
  22. Choi JH, Choi SH, Yun KW. Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J Korean Med Sci. 2022 Feb 7;37(5):e35. doi: 10.3346/jkms.2022.37.e35. PMID: 35132841 PubMed
  23. Wolff D, Nee S, Hickey NS, Marschollek M. Risk factors for Covid-19 severity and fatality: a structured literature review. Infection. 2021 Feb;49(1):15-28. Epub 2020 Aug 28. PMID: 32860214 PubMed
  24. Liu N, Zhang T, Ma L, et al. The impact of ABO blood group on COVID-19 infection risk and mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Blood Rev. 2021 Jul;48:100785. Epub 2020 Dec 8. PMID: 33309392 PubMed
  25. Bastard P, Rosen LB, Zhang Q, Eleftherios M. Auto-antibodies against type I IFNs in patients with life-threatening COVID-19. Science 2020. pmid:32972996 PubMed
  26. Tveita A, Hestenes S, Sporastøyl ER, et al. Lungeembolisme ved covid-19. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0366 DOI
  27. Oxley TJ, Mocco J, Majidi S, et al. Large-Vessel Stroke as a Presenting Feature of Covid-19 in the Young. N Engl J Med 2020. doi:10.1056/NEJMc2009787 DOI
  28. Drammen GF, Staff A, Jacobsen AF et al. Koronavirus ved svangerskap og fødsel (2025). Fødselshjelp. Metodebok utgitt av Norsk gynekologisk forening, v2.2. Sist oppdatert 17.6.2025. metodebok.no
  29. Døllner H, Rojahn A, Måseide PH. COVID-19: SARS-Coronavirus-2 infeksjon hos barn. Generell veileder i pediatri, 3.28. Sist faglig oppdatert 20.04.2022. Fra Norsk barnelegeforening www.helsebiblioteket.no
  30. Myrstad M, Ihle-Hansen H, Tveita AA, et al. National Early Warning Score 2 (NEWS2) on admission predicts severe disease and in-hospital mortality from Covid-19 - a prospective cohort study. Scand J Trauma Resusc Emerg Med. 2020;28(1):66. Published 2020 Jul 13. Pmid: 32660623 PubMed
  31. Kucirka LM, Lauer SA, Laeyendecker O, et al.:Variation in False-Negative Rate of Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction–Based SARS-CoV-2 Tests by Time Since Exposure. Ann Intern Med 2020;May 13:Epub ahead of print. www.acc.org
  32. Mustafa Hellou M, Górska A, Mazzaferri F, et al.. Nucleic acid amplification tests on respiratory samples for the diagnosis of coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Mar;27(3):341-351. doi: 10.1016/j.cmi.2020.11.002. Epub 2020 Nov 11. PMID: 33188933 PubMed
  33. Ellingsen A, Mohn KGI, Jaliff BS, Prebensen C. Covid-19. Nasjonal Metodebok for Infeksjonsmedisin. Sist oppdatert 26.8.2025. Siden lest 03.09.2025. metodebok.no
  34. Legevakthåndboken. Covid-19. Sist oppdatert 25.8.2024. www.lvh.no
  35. The Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine. What is the efficacy and safety of rapid exercise tests for exertional desaturation in covid-19? April 21, 2020. Siden besøkt 11.05.2020. www.cebm.net
  36. Aaløkken TM, Parkar AP, Markussen TV. Bildediagnostikk av pasienter med covid-19. Tidsskr Nor Legeforen 2020. doi:10.4045/tidsskr.20.0332 DOI
  37. Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al.. Clinical Characteristics of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med 2020; Feb 28: Epub ahead of print. pmid:32109013 PubMed
  38. Böger B, Fachi MM, Vilhena RO, et al. Systematic review with meta-analysis of the accuracy of diagnostic tests for COVID-19. Am J Infect Control. 2020 Jul 10. pii: S0196-6553(20)30693-3. Pmid: 32659413 PubMed
  39. S Inui, A Fujikawa, M Jitsu. Chest CT Findings in Cases from the Cruise Ship “Diamond Princess” with Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19). Cardiothoracic Imaging. Vol. 2, No. 2. 2020 pubs.rsna.org
  40. Wang Y, Liu Y, Liu L, et al. Clinical Outcomes in 55 Patients With Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Who Were Asymptomatic at Hospital Admission in Shenzhen, China. J Infect Dis. 2020 May 11;221(11):1770-1774. PMID: 32179910 PubMed
  41. Sun Z, Zhang N, Li Y, et al. A systematic review of chest imaging findings in COVID-19. Quant Imaging Med Surg. 2020 May;10(5):1058-1079. Pmid: 32489929. PubMed
  42. Socialstyrelsen. Rehabilitering i samband med covid-19 i primärvården. 2020-05-15 Dnr 4.3-14599/2020. www.socialstyrelsen.se
  43. Greenhalgh T, Knight M, A'Court C, Buxton M, Husain L. Management of post-acute covid-19 in primary care. BMJ. 2020;370:m3026. Published 2020 Aug 11. PMID: 32784198 PubMed
  44. Bhimraj A, Morgan RL, Shumaker AH, et al. Infectious Diseases Society of America Guidelines on the Treatment and Management of Patients with COVID-19. Infectious Diseases Society of America 2023; Version 11.0.0. Available at https://www.idsociety.org/practice-guideline/covid-19-guideline-treatment-and-management/. Accessed 05 June 2024. www.idsociety.org
  45. Robb CT, Goepp M, Rossi AG, Yao C. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, prostaglandins, and COVID-19. Br J Pharmacol. 2020 Nov;177(21):4899-4920. Epub 2020 Aug 27. PMID: 32700336 PubMed
  46. Walker A, Pottinger G, Scott A, Hopkins C. Anosmia and loss of smell in the era of covid-19. BMJ. 2020;370:m2808. Published 2020 Jul 21. Pmid: 32694187 PubMed
  47. Hopkins C, Alanin M, Philpott C, et al. Management of new onset loss of sense of smell during the COVID-19 pandemic - BRS Consensus Guidelines. Clin Otolaryngol. 2021 Jan;46(1):16-22. Epub 2020 Sep 24. PMID: 32854169 PubMed
  48. Liang M, Gao L, Cheng C, et al. Efficacy of face mask in preventing respiratory virus transmission: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020 May 27:101751.Pmid: 32473312 PubMed
  49. Bartoszko JJ, Farooqi MAM, Alhazzani W, et al. Medical masks vs N95 respirators for preventing COVID-19 in healthcare workers: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 2020 Apr 4. Pmid: 32246890 PubMed
  50. Chu DK, Akl EA, Duda S, et al. Physical distancing, face masks, and eye protection to prevent person-to-person transmission of SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2020 Jun 1. pii: S0140-6736(20)31142-9. Pmid: 32497510. PubMed
  51. Meyerowitz EA, Scott J, Richterman A, Male V, Cevik M. Clinical course and management of COVID-19 in the era of widespread population immunity. Nat Rev Microbiol. 2024 Feb;22(2):75-88. doi: 10.1038/s41579-023-01001-1. Epub 2023 Dec 19. PMID: 38114838 PubMed
  52. Cariou, B., Hadjadj, S., Wargny, M. et al. Phenotypic characteristics and prognosis of inpatients with COVID-19 and diabetes: the CORONADO study. Diabetologia (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00125-020-05180-x
  53. Tan BKJ, Han R, Zhao JJ, et al et al. Prognosis and persistence of smell and taste dysfunction in patients with covid-19: Meta-analysis with parametric cure modelling of recovery curves. BMJ 2022 Jul 27; 378:e069503. PMID: 35896188 PubMed
  54. Gorzkowski V, Bevilacqua S, Charmillon A, et al. Evolution of Olfactory Disorders in COVID-19 Patients published online ahead of print, 2020 Jul 2. Laryngoscope. 2020;10.1002/lary.28957. Pmid: 32617990 PubMed
  55. Katsoularis I, Fonseca-Rodiguez O, Farrington P, et al. Risk of acute myocardial infarction and ischaemic stroke following COVID-19 in Sweden: A self-controlled case series and matched cohort study. Lancet 2021. PMID: 34332652 PubMed
  56. Eberhardt N, Noval MG, Kaur R, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pro-atherogenic inflammatory responses in human coronary vessels. Nature Cardiovascular Research 2023. pmid:37645908 PubMed
  57. Läkartidningen. 2020;117:20094 lakartidningen.se
  58. Viner RM, Whittaker E. Kawasaki-like Disease: Emerging Complication During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Lancet 2020. pmid:32410759 PubMed
  59. Patel P, De Cuir J, Abrams J, et al. Clinical Characteristics of Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Adults A Systematic Review. JAMA Netw Open 2021. doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.26456 DOI
  60. Juvet LK, Laake I, Vestrheim DF: Letalitet og infeksjonsletalitet for alvorlig Covid-19 – 1. oppdatering – en hurtigoversikt. Hurtigoversikt 2020. Oslo: Folkehelseinstituttet, mai 2020. www.fhi.no
  61. Lopez-Leon S, Wegman-Ostrosky T, Perelman C, et al.. More than 50 long-term effects of COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sci Rep. 2021 Aug 9;11(1):16144. PMID: 34373540 PubMed
Annonse
Annonse